ABSTRACT
Franco-Prussian War started 150 years ago, and it was a short but a tragic turning point to France as a whole, but also a challenging moment for medicine and some outstanding French neurologists. Besides, a new continental European power emerged, consolidating German as a united state. Two Parisian sieges at this time, from the Prussian and that related to the Communards, struggled the Parisian health status. In Medicine, the wounded and diseased health care disorganized logistics were carried out through the military, municipal and civil health services subdivided into mobile ambulances and fixed hospitals. The novel Cross Red ambulances took part. Moreover, anesthesia and antiseptic surgery were applied, but they were in their beginnings. The Faculty of Medicine of Paris physicians were charged with the subsidiary health care of the population, among them Jean-Martin Charcot. Some of them added to the patient care the meetings at the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medicine. Many outstanding neurologists participated at this task force besides Charcot, such as Charles Lasègue, Edmé Felix Alfred Vulpian, Désiré-Magloire Bourneville, AlixJoffroy, Fulgence Raymond, Jules Joseph Déjerine and Henri Duret
A guerra franco-prussiana começou há 150 anos e foi um período curto, mas trágico, para a França como um todo, mas também um momento desafiador para a medicina e alguns neurologistas franceses de destaque. Além disso, uma nova potência da Europa continental emergiu, consolidando a Alemanha como um estado unido. Dois cercos parisienses naquela época, dos prussianos e o relacionado aos "communards", lutavam contra o estado de saúde parisiense. Em Medicina, a logística desorganizada dos serviços de saúde, de cuidados aos feridos e doentes, foi realizada através dos serviços de saúde militar, municipal e civil subdivididos em ambulâncias móveis e hospitais fixos. As novas ambulâncias da Cruz Vermelha participaram. Além disso, anestesia e cirurgia anti-séptica foram aplicadas, mas estavam no início. Os médicos da Faculdade de Medicina de Paris foram encarregados dos cuidados subsidiários de saúde da população, entre eles Jean-Martin Charcot. Alguns deles acrescentaram ao atendimento aos pacientes, as reuniões da Academia de Ciências e da Academia de Medicina. Muitos neurologistas de destaque participaram dessa força-tarefa além de Charcot, como Charles Lasègue, Edmé Felix Alfred Vulpian, Désiré-Magloire Bourneville, AlixJoffroy, Fulgence Raymond, Jules Joseph Déjerine e Henri Duret
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , History, 19th Century , Warfare/history , Neurologists/history , Neurology/history , Armed Conflicts/history , Prussia , France , Military Medicine/history , Military PersonnelABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893), considered the father of modern neurology, had a particular interest in pathology and learned to value anatomical findings. Among his main contributions is the use of the anatomo-clinical method in neurology. Although described as cold and impatient in his interpersonal relations, Charcot had a great affection for animals. He had two dogs in his home, which he called Carlo and Sigurd, and a little monkey, Rosalie. Despite his fascination with neuropathology and anatomo-clinical correlations, Charcot disapproved of studies using animal species other than humans, a seemingly paradoxical attitude. As a result, Charcot's human studies resulted in important advances in neurology as, prior to his research, anatomical observations of animals were extrapolated to humans, leading to conceptual errors.
RESUMO Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893), considerado o pai da neurologia moderna, teve sua formação direcionada para a patologia, aprendendo a valorizar achados anatômicos. Entre as principais contribuições de Charcot está o uso do método anatomoclínico aplicado à neurologia. Descrito como frio e impaciente em suas relações interpessoais, Charcot mostrava, no entanto, um grande afeto pelos animais. Ele tinha dois cachorros em sua residência, a quem chamou de Carlo e Sigurd, e uma pequena macaca, Rosalie. Apesar de sua fascinação com a neuropatologia e as correlações anatomoclínicas, Charcot foi contra estudos com outras espécies de animais que não humanos, o que pode parecer um paradoxo. Entretanto, seus estudos trouxeram avanços importantes para a Neurologia, uma vez que, antes de suas descobertas, as observações anatômicas dos animais eram extrapoladas para os humanos, levando a erros conceituais.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , History, 19th Century , Animal Experimentation/history , Neurology/history , Neuroanatomy/historyABSTRACT
Background - Jean-Martin Charcot had a profound influence on Sigmund Freud's life and career. The founders of Brazilian neurology and psychiatry were influenced by the ideas of Charcot and Freud. Objective - To describe Charcot's influence on Freud, and both on the beginning of Brazilian Neurology and Psychiatry. Results - After Freud's stay in Charcot's neurology service during the winter of 1885-1886, there was a shift in his interest from general neurology to hysteria, hypnosis and other psychological issues, which greatly influenced the development of psychoanalytic theory. Like Charcot, Freud would become an admirer of the arts, literature, and culture. When Freud began his collection, in the late 1890s, Charcot served as an important model. In Salpêtrière Hospital, Charcot was staging a show different from modernity, capable of inspiring Freud. Antonio Austregesilo founded the first Brazilian school of Neurology, in Rio de Janeiro, inspired in Charcot. Austresegilo also practiced psychiatry, and, together Juliano Moreira and others, is considered propagator of Freud's ideas in Brazil. Conclusion - The ideas of Charcot and Freud were fundamental in the formation of physicians who helped to found and to consolidate the Brazilian neurology and psychiatry.(AU)
Introdução - Jean-Martin Charcot exerceu uma profunda influência na vida e na carreira de Sigmund Freud. Os fundadores da neurologia e da psiquiatria brasileiras foram influenciados pelas ideias de Charcot e de Freud. Objetivo - Descrever a influência de Charcot sobre Freud e de ambos sobre o início da Neurologia e da Psiquiatria brasileiras. Resultados - Após a permanência de Freud no serviço de neurologia de Charcot durante o inverno de 1885-1886, houve uma mudança em seu interesse da neurologia geral para histeria, hipnose e outras questões psicológicas, o que influenciou muito o desenvolvimento da teoria psicanalítica. Como Charcot, Freud se tornaria admirador das artes, literatura e cultura. Quando Freud começou sua coleção, no final da década de 1890, Charcot serviu de modelo importante. No Hospital Salpêtrière, Charcot era a representação da modernidade, capaz de inspirar Freud. Antonio Austregésilo fundou a primeira escola brasileira de Neurologia, no Rio de Janeiro, inspirada em Charcot. Austresegilo também praticou psiquiatria, e, juntamente com Juliano Moreira e outros, é considerado propagador das ideias de Freud no Brasil.Conclusão - As ideias de Charcot e Freud foram fundamentais na formação de médicos que ajudaram a fundar e consolidar a neurologia e a psiquiatria brasileiras.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Psychiatry/history , Psychoanalysis/history , Psychoanalytic Theory , Hysteria/psychology , Neurology/history , Biographies as Topic , Brazil , Education, Medical , HypnosisABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Jean-Martin Charcot, the founder of modern neurology and leading figure in international neurology in the 19th century, died on August 16, 1893, in the province of Morvan in the French countryside, at the age of 67. The funeral service was held in Paris at the La Salpêtrière Hospital, and Charcot was buried in Montmartre cemetery in the same city.
RESUMO Jean-Martin Charcot, o fundador da moderna neurologia e figura exponencial da neurologia mundial no século XIX, faleceu no dia 16 de agosto de 1893, na província de Morvan, no interior da França, aos 67 anos de idade. O serviço funerário foi realizado em Paris, no hospital de La Salpêtrière e o enterro ocorreu no cemitério Montmartre, também em Paris.
Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , Funeral Rites , Neurology/history , FranceABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Jean-Martin Charcot is considered the father of modern neurology and was the first neurologist to hold a professorship of international stature devoted to the study of the diseases of the nervous system. His biographers paint an image of an austere presence, reserved manner, shyness, economy of gestures and an impenetrable, impassive face. However, a wry and sarcastic side of Charcot can be demonstrated in several situations, and these examples help to clarify the intricacies of his personality and work style.
RESUMO Jean-Martin Charcot é considerado o pai da moderna neurologia e o primeiro professor de doenças do sistema nervoso em todo o mundo. Os seus biógrafos o descrevem com uma imagem austera, reservado, tímido, com uma economia de gestos e uma face impassiva e impenetrável. Entretanto o lado sarcástico e irônico de Charcot pode ser demonstrado em diversas situações, com exemplos que ajudam a clarificar a sua complexa personalidade e o seu estilo de trabalho.
Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , Personality , Neurologists/history , Neurology/history , ParisABSTRACT
Georges Albert Brutus Edouard Gilles de la Tourette nació y se crio dentro de una época esplendorosa de Francia. Se destacó por sus méritos como estudiante y fue educado para que tuviera una brillante carrera como médico. Su paso por el hospital Pitie-Salpêtrière fue algo fundamental en su vida, ya que allí conoció al profesor Jean-Martin Charcot quien le brindó la oportunidad y las herramientas para estudiar su pasión, la Neurología, de una manera amplia la y dedicarse a otros casos interesantes dedicados a la mente humana. Gracias a esto pudo describir la patología que hoy nos compete como el síndrome de La Tourette. Su estudio y su incansable curiosidad permitieron además involucrarse no sólo con este síndrome sino que ayudó a hacer múltiples descripciones de otras patologías e incursionó en el nuevo campo del hipnotismo. Sin embargo, su muerte prematura, debido a una enfermedad hoy en día curable, hizo que se truncara la maravillosa mente de este neurólogo que, muy seguramente, hubiese aportado más conocimiento de la época a nuestro saber actual.
Georges Albert Edouard Brutus Gilles de la Tourette was born and raised in an era of French splendor; he was an outstanding student, educated to have a brilliant career as a doctor. Passing through the Pitie-Salpetriere hospital was critical in his life, there were the place where he had the opportunity to meet Professor Jean-Martin Charcot, who would be his colleague and friend throughout his life. Charcot gave him the opportunity and the tools to study his passion, neurology, in a comprehensive manner, and to pursue interesting cases dedicated to the study of the human mind. It was thanks to this that he could so aptly describe the disease that concerns us today as Tourette’s syndrome. His study and tireless curiosity also allowed him to get involved not only with this syndrome but helped him make multiple descriptions of other diseases and to enter the new field of hypnotism. But his premature death, due to an illness which would have been curable today, cut short this brilliant career; otherwise, he would, most certainly, have contributed a lot more to our current knowledge of neurology.
ABSTRACT
This paper brings a short review about a peculiar characteristic of Professor Charcot, the father of neurology: the skepticism, emphasizing his personal view regarding the prognosis of several neurological conditions.
Este artigo traz uma revisão acerca de uma característica peculiar do professor Charcot, pai da neurologia: o ceticismo, enfatizando a sua visão pessoal sobre o prognóstico de diversas doenças neurológicas.
Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , Neurology/history , Personality , France , Nervous System Diseases/history , Pathology/historyABSTRACT
We review the history of Tourette syndrome, emphasizing the contribution of Jean-Martin Charcot.
Revisamos a história da síndrome de Tourette, com ênfase a contribuição de Jean-Martin Charcot.